In fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling is the construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence. Turbulent flows are commonplace in most real-life scenarios. In spite of decades of research, there is no analytical theory to predict the evolution of these turbulent flows. The equations governing turbulent flows can only be solved directly for simple cases of flow. For most real-life turbulent flows, CFD simulations use turbulent models to predict the evolution of turbulence. These turbulence models are simplified constitutive equations that predict the statistical evolution of turbulent flows.
"}{"type":"general","setup":"Why did the chicken cross the playground?","punchline":"To get to the other slide.","id":428}
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{"type":"standard","title":"Frederick Francis IV","displaytitle":"Frederick Francis IV","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q57930","titles":{"canonical":"Frederick_Francis_IV","normalized":"Frederick Francis IV","display":"Frederick Francis IV"},"pageid":7991473,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Frederick_Francis_IV%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg/330px-Frederick_Francis_IV%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg","width":320,"height":475},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Frederick_Francis_IV%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg","width":500,"height":742},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1260677472","tid":"b310d93f-b04c-11ef-8f60-0963341fad60","timestamp":"2024-12-02T01:28:14Z","description":"Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1897 to 1918","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Francis_IV","revisions":"https://